sábado, 23 de julio de 2011

LEYES DE NEWTON





I ley de Newton. Ley de inercia
“Todo cuerpo permanece en su estado de reposo, o de movimiento uniforme en línea recta, excepto si sobre él actúan fuerzas”.

“No actúan fuerzas” quiere decir que la fuerza neta o resultante es nula y así, sobre el cuerpo pueden actuar varias fuerzas pero su suma vectorial es cero. Si el vector velocidad es constante, su dirección es constante y el movimiento es rectilíneo y uniforme, así como su magnitud.

Aplicación
Por ejemplo, con un marco de referencia fijo a la superficie terrestre como inercial y sobre una “mesa de aire” perfectamente nivelada y horizontal, que tiene una serie de perforaciones por las que sale aire comprimido, se coloca un pequeño disco, de modo que queda “flotando” en un colchón de aire, reduciendo prácticamente por completo los efectos de la fricción o rozamiento. La fuerza de atracción terrestre o peso del disco se ve compensada por la fuerza de sustentación del colchón de aire y podemos considerar entonces que la fuerza neta sobre el disco es nula. Si colocamos el disco en reposo, permanecerá en reposo; si lo lanzamos deslizando por la mesa con una cierta velocidad, permanecerá en movimiento rectilíneo con esa velocidad, hasta que llega al borde de la mesa, en cuyo caso intervienen fuerzas que cambian su velocidad constante.

II Ley de Newton
Esta segunda ley incluye a la primera de modo que, si estamos en un marco inercial de referencia y sobre un cuerpo puntual o partícula no actúa fuerza neta, el cuerpo se moverá con una velocidad constante, tal como lo apunta la Ley de Inercia. Ahora bien si sobre el cuerpo actúan fuerzas, su velocidad cambiará y habrá una aceleración. La segunda ley del movimiento de Newton establece la relación entre la fuerza resultante que actúa sobre el cuerpo y su aceleración, introduciendo el concepto de masa inercial del cuerpo. Ésta aplica para ambos ejes coordenados.

Podemos graficar esta segunda ley de este modo como la suma vectorial de todas las fuerzas que actúan sobre el cuerpo y m como la masa inercial o simplemente masa, así la segunda ley se escribe, respecto a un marco inercial de referencia, así:

Los cuerpos materiales tienen la propiedad de que, para modificarles su velocidad constante, es necesario ejercer una fuerza sobre ellos. Esa propiedad es la que se conoce como la inercia de los cuerpos. Ahora, para producir el mismo cambio en la velocidad constante, es decir la misma aceleración, en dos cuerpos diferentes, las fuerzas que hay que ejercer sobre ellos son diferentes, debido a que tienen masas inerciales diferentes.

Aplicación

Por ejemplo dos bloques de igual tamaño vienen deslizándose por una superficie lisa con la misma velocidad, uno de madera y el otro de acero. Las fuerzas necesarias para detener en el mismo tiempo los bloques, son muy diferentes, pues el bloque de acero tiene una masa mucho mayor que el de madera. La relación cuantitativa precisa la proporciona la segunda ley:



Otra manera de pensar lo que es la masa inercial, de acuerdo a la segunda ley, es con otro ejemplo diferente:
Imaginemos los dos mismos bloques sobre la superficie lisa, halados desde el reposo con la misma fuerza, que podría lograrse dándole el mismo estiramiento a un resorte.



En ese caso, la aceleración del bloque de acero será mucho menor, así la relación, de acuerdo a la segunda ley sería:


III Ley de Newton.  Ley de acción y reacción
Las fuerzas que figuran en la segunda ley provienen de interacciones entre cuerpos.  Este hecho fundamental se hace explícito en esta tercera Ley, de manera que “si un cuerpo ejerce una fuerza sobre otro, este último ejerce sobre el primero una fuerza de igual magnitud y dirección contraria”.  Es decir:


Es conveniente usar una denotación más sencilla, como la siguiente:

Las fuerzas de interacción existen siempre en parejas. Son fuerzas entre dos cuerpos, una fuerza sobre uno de ellos y otra, de igual magnitud y dirección contraria, sobre el otro, de manera que a toda acción corresponde una reacción igual en magnitud y de sentido contrario. Cuál sea la acción y cuál la reacción, es indiferente. Lo esencial es la pareja.

Aplicación 

AHORA ES FÍSICA...

¡Ahora pasamos del inglés a la Física! ¿Qué les parece?
¡No aflojen, sí se puede!

sábado, 9 de abril de 2011

DO YOU WANT TO HAVE CHILDREN?



T
his is a hard question especially to a modern woman.  Nowadays women have others priorities instead children.  First of all, the profession and them to enjoy its benefits as travel and buy things that they always had wished for example a car, a house and to be in fashion.  We have four points of view about to have a family with children.  First, a woman who wish to have a baby someday, after that a woman whose plan is to adopt a child, then, a young mother who has a son and finally, a woman who priority is not exactly to be a mother.

The first woman wishes to have a child someday because a kid is important to a human being in order to grow up, to be responsible, and to realize the true love.  The child’s love is pure and unlimited; therefore to have that experience is a right for all people.  A child is joy, innocence, and proud; however, it is a fact that children are a big responsibility for their parents; furthermore, it is a challenge that is important not only for the parents but to other members of the family too. On the other hand, it is important for the society because it needs positive leaders; then, we can contribute raising good people who help the society to create a better future.

The second woman thinks that to be mother is a blessing from God, but in my personal case, I have a son and I do not want more because I think it's the perfect time in my life to dedicate to my career and enjoy my marriage. I believe that children are required to experience the wonder of being a mother but I definitely think that a woman should have success in all areas of the life, but I consider important to spend time studying and be a professional and why not, also enjoy personal life and enjoy traveling and visiting new places because as mothers invest much time with our children and I think, need to experiment devoted to other important areas of our lives for that reason I do not want more children, I believe one maternal experience is enough.

Some women choose having children, but unfortunately they cannot conceive.  Science offer alternatives for these women to be able to have children, such as the in vitro fertilization or insemination, but still in many cases this process is unsuccessful due to unknown reasons. At this point of the process, where almost all options are exhausted, many people ignore the possibility of adoption. Adoption is a process in which families choose to integrate into their lives a child who has been abandoned by his real parents. Those children live in these facilities waiting to have a home and a family.  They are human beings with big hearts waiting to have a mom that shelters them at night, a father who plays with them and even siblings who become best friends. Given the above and it would be a nice dream that households without children value the adoption as a method of giving a child a life that is full of love and hopes.

Finally, not always the realization of a woman is motherhood. Today the society in which we live teaches women not to be chauvinistic and the importance of both professionally and personally realization. Travel, learn languages, learn about other cultures, be professional, have management positions or strengthen their own business, political participation, the couple and the many forms of love have become priorities for the modern woman. Having a child is simply another step in the realization of a woman and not the equally important for every woman, as much depend on their priorities and their life project.

It is up to each woman how to prioritize your life and decide that is what will make it happy. Today we have the freedom to choose to become mothers or not, there are many methods of contraception for a woman to enjoy sex without the risk of an unwanted pregnancy and that wonderful moment in the life of a woman like many others come when She feels she is prepared to function in this field.

 
http://www.slideshare.net/MarielaNez/children-7575494
 


SECRETARIAT





Penny is a woman who puts her family first.  Her life is completely dedicated to her husband and her children.  Also she is a lovely daughter who wishes to glad her father in his last time.  The movie “Secretariat” is about the three main parts of Penny’s history:  the first is her profession; second her family, and finally the discovery of her strong personality.

First of all, the history was happened in the 60’s where chauvinism was very common.  She began to advocate for her father’s horses and she must to change her life style because she was a housewife and for that reason she switch in a business woman in order to help her father while he was sick.  In the adversity Penny realizes that she has amazing abilities in business. 

She loves her family but she must to quit to them in order to fight for her parent’s dream:  the ranch.  In hard times, her family does not support her because her husband was complained time for him and for kids and her brother always was looking for sale their horses and never believes in her capacity.

She has a strong and pushing personality. She had always been in that way however because of new challenges Penny could choice the best decision and overcome her problems.  Because of her personality Penny and Secretariat could keep alive together.  The Penny’s nature inspired all people in the movie to believe in their inner strength.

In conclusion love between each other could overcome all adversities and join again Penny’s family.  Learning of this movie is that we can to reach your goals with effort, conviction, and faith.

Ethnic Conflicts

I

n many countries and many periods a person’s ethnic identity has had profound consequences for his or her physical safety, political status, and economic prospects. Violent confrontation along ethnic lines is the most apparent form of ethnic conflict, and it recently has claimed lives in such diverse places throughout the world. The three most terrible ethnic conflicts have been the conflict in Rwanda, in former Yugoslavia, and The Holocaust during World War II in Europe.

Rwanda is a country located in Central Africa but this green and fertile country has a dark side.  According to the times gone by Rwanda was segregated in two ethnic groups:   the tutsi population and hutu people.  The majority group was Hutu and the minority was the Tutsi group.  Generally ethnic groups different to the nationality of the dominant group in the country not enjoy a special legal status[1] therefore, in this country Tutsi people are in disadvantage. In 1994 Hutu people settled to exterminate the other ethnic group and killed each others.  Consequently, deaths overcome a million of people.  The consequences of the genocide continue affecting the region for instance, there are hundreds of thousands survivors traumatized, the infrastructure is in ruins, and over one hundred thousand are accused perpetrators imprisoned. Nowadays the justice and reconciliation around the country still complicated.

Above in the map is Yugoslavia whose main ethnic and religious groups are Slovenes, Hungarians, and Croats (Catholic), Bosnian and Albanians (Muslims), and Macedonians, Serbs, and Montenegrins (Orthodox). In 1991 starts a dissection of the past Federal Republic, because Slovenia and Croatia become independent countries.  A year later Bosnia gains independence also and Bosnian Serbs announced the Serbia Republic. For this reason, a conflict between Croatia and Serbia begins; thus, the Serbian Army gets involved in Bosnia where begins an ethnic cleansing. The conflict involved all nationalities and ethnic groups. This confrontation was called the Bosnia's War; as a result, 250.000 persons died. 

Another sanguinary event in the history is the Holocaust.  This fact was happened between 1939 and 1941 when the Germans, led by Adolf Hitler, fought in order to take the whole control of Europe. Germans applied a policy called The New Order. The idea of this tack was that Europe had been taken by Germans who, according to Hitler, were a superior race.  Millions of prisoners were recruited meanwhile the Jewish civilian population were forced to work in German war industries. The concentration camps became in centers of mass extermination, with gas chambers and crematoria ovens.  Almost 6 million of Jews and many Europeans of other nationalities died in them[2].  Prisoners were humiliated, raped, tortured, and after that, murdered.

Ethnic conflicts such as in Rwanda, former Yugoslavia, and The Holocaust during World War II triggered the worst feelings a human being can have. Any country or society can go through such terrors. Different religion, race, and beliefs are not good reasons to kill each other. It depends on new generations not to repeat the terrible crimes against.



[1] Stavenhagen, Rodolfo.  Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors.  1st Edition.  Mexico, 1991.
[2] Gispert, Carlos.  Enciclopedia Autodidáctica Océano.  8th Edition.  Spain, 1998.